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formalized_languages [2018/11/10 21:49]
andries [3. Categories of kinds of relations]
formalized_languages [2018/11/12 15:45]
andries [3. Categories of kinds of relations]
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 ===== 3. Categories of kinds of relations ===== ===== 3. Categories of kinds of relations =====
  
-The expression power of formal languages is largely determined by the number and variety of kinds of relations (also called relation types) that are available in the language definition. The Gellish formalized language definition includes over 1000 standard kinds of relations. They are defined in the upper ontology section of the Taxonomic Dictionary-Ontology. Their textual definitions and subtype-supertype hierarchy (taxonomy) is documented a computer readable file that itself is written in Gellish. The hierarchy is also available in printed form in the book [[http://​www.lulu.com/​shop/​andries-van-renssen/​taxonomic-dictionary-of-relations/​paperback/​product-22534783.html|Taxonomic Dictionary of Relations]] and in its Dutch equivalent [[http://​www.lulu.com/​shop/​andries-van-renssen/​taxonomisch-woordenboek-van-relaties/​paperback/​product-22534768.html|Taxonomisch Woordenboek van Relaties]]. The electronic version also includes ​definitions of the allowed roles and the allowed role players for the kinds of relations as well as a taxonomy of roles and of role players. Together that defines what are correct formal expressions and how expressions should be interpreted. The electronic language definition can be licensed, and can then be directly imported in Gellish enabled application systems to enable generation and computer ​interpretation of formal language expressions.+The expression power of formal languages is largely determined by the number and variety of kinds of relations (also called relation types) that are available in the language definition. The Gellish formalized language definition includes over 1000 standard kinds of relations. They are defined in the upper ontology section of the Taxonomic Dictionary-Ontology. Their textual definitions and subtype-supertype hierarchy (taxonomy) is documented a computer readable file that itself is written in Gellish. The hierarchy is also available in printed form in the book [[http://​www.lulu.com/​shop/​andries-van-renssen/​taxonomic-dictionary-of-relations/​paperback/​product-22534783.html|Taxonomic Dictionary of Relations]] and in its Dutch equivalent [[http://​www.lulu.com/​shop/​andries-van-renssen/​taxonomisch-woordenboek-van-relaties/​paperback/​product-22534768.html|Taxonomisch Woordenboek van Relaties]]. The definitions ​of kinds of relations also include specifications ​of the allowed roles and the allowed role players for the kinds of relations as well as a taxonomy of roles and of role players. Together that defines what are correct formal expressions and how expressions should be interpreted. ​\\ 
 +The electronic language definition can be licensed, and can then be directly imported in Gellish enabled application systems to enable ​searching for kinds of relations and for supporting the generation and interpretation of formal language expressions.
  
  
-Each kind of relation is identified by a unique identifier (Gellish UID). Furthermore,​ each relation ​type is denoted by at least one base phrase and by at least one inverse phrase. For example, a part-whole relation between two individual things is denoted in Formal English by the phrase <is a part of> and by the inverse phrases <has as part> and <is a whole for> and has UID 1260. This means that the same fact or idea can be expressed in either of the two ways. For example, the expression 'A <is a part of> B' has the same meaning as the expression 'B <has as part> A'. A relation ​type can also be denoted by alternative phrases, such as <is an assembly of>, or by phrases in other languages. Users may even define their own synonym phrases (provided that the UID remains the same) and they can indicate a '​language'​ and/or a '​language community'​ in which their phrase is preferred. For example: the Dutch (Nederlands) equivalent of the name of UID 1260 in the above example is: <is een deel van>.+Each kind of relation is identified by a unique identifier (its Gellish UID). Furthermore,​ each kind of relation is denoted by at least one base phrase and by at least one inverse phrase. For example, a part-whole relation between two individual things is denoted in Formal English by the phrase <is a part of> and by the inverse phrases <has as part> and <is a whole for> and has UID 1260. This means that the same statement ​or idea can be expressed in either of the two ways. For example, the expression 'A <is a part of> B' has the same meaning as the expression 'B <has as part> A'. A kind of relation can also be denoted by alternative phrases, such as <is an assembly of>, or by phrases in other languages. Users may even define their own synonym phrases (provided that the UID remains the same) and they can indicate a '​language'​ and/or a '​language community'​ in which their phrase is preferred. For example: the Dutch (Nederlands) equivalent of the name of UID 1260 in the above example is: <is een deel van>.\\
  
 +For creating high quality Gellish expressions skills are required in **'​Semantic Modeling'​**,​ which primarily includes expressing information in the form of collections of binary relations. It also includes using the proper kinds of relations for expressing particular meanings. The search for the proper kinds of relations is supported by two mechanisms: 1) The fact that the kinds of relations are arranged in a taxonomy and 2) The fact that kinds of relations are denoted by phrases that apply logical naming conventions. A method for finding the required kinds of relations is described further in the taxonomy description of the Gellish wiki.
 +The kinds of relations together form a taxonomy, being a subtype-supertype hierarchy of kinds of relations. This implies that all kinds of relations are subtypes of one concept, called **relation**. The first subtypes of '​relation'​ are the concepts //binary relation// and //higher order or variable order relation//. The binary relations have the following branches in the hierarchy:
  
-The kinds of relations together form a taxonomy (a subtype-supertype hierarchy of kinds of relations) with the following branches: 
  
 +    - **Kinds of relations between individual things**. Expressions with such relations specify information about individual things.
 +    - **Kinds of relations between an individual thing and a kind of thing**. Expressions with such relations mainly specify the nature or role of individual things, or they can be used for searching things of particular kinds.
 +    - **Kinds of relations between kinds of things**. Expressions with such relations specify knowledge about kinds, such as possibilities,​ definitions and requirements about kinds.
 +    - **Kinds of relations between a single thing and a collection**. Expressions with such relations specify for example which elements belong to which collections.
 +    - **Kinds of relations between collections**. Expressions with such relations specify for example that a sub-collection is a partial collection of a larger collection.
  
-    - Kinds of relations between individual things 
-    - Kinds of relations between an individual thing and a kind of thing 
-    - Kinds of relations between kinds of things 
-    - Kinds of relations between a single thing and a plurality 
-    - Kinds of relations between pluralities 
  
- +Kinds of higher order relations include ​kinds that represent kinds of occurrences,​ such as processes, activities and events and kinds that represent ​correlations,​ such as for physical laws or geometric and mathematical formula. ​The expressions that specify which and how objects are involved in occurrences etc. are related to the higher order relations using kinds of binary //​involvement relations//​. An example of a kind of activity is //​project//,​ and an example of an expression that specifies an involvement as a manager is:\\ 
-The kinds of relations include binary relations as well as higher ​order relations. Higher ​order relations include ​relations for modeling ​occurrences,​ such as processes, activities and events and relations for modeling ​correlations,​ such as for physical laws or geometric and mathematical formula.+  * John   //is manager of//   ​Project X
  
  
formalized_languages.txt · Last modified: 2018/11/12 16:23 by andries